1. Columns:

   Relative Bracing:

   P_br = 0.004 P_r
   ß_br = 2 P_r / (0.75 L_b)


   Nodal Bracing:

   P_br = 0.01 P_r
   ß_br = 8 P_r / (0.75 L_b)


   P_r = the factored column axial load
   L_b = distance between braces

2. Beam Lateral Bracing:

   Relative Bracing:

   P_br = 0.008 M_r.C_d / h₀
   ß_br = 4 M_r.C_d / (0.75 L_b.h₀)


   Nodal Bracing:

   P_br = 0.02 M_r.C_d / h₀
   ß_br = 10 M_r.C_d / (0.75 L_b.h₀)

   M_r = factored bending moment
   L_b = distance between braces
   h₀ = distance between flange centroids
   C_d = 1.0 for bending in single curvature; 2.0 for double curvature


Notes:

   The brace stiffness affects the brace force, the larger the brace stiffness, the smaller the brace force

   In above equations, bracing is assumed to be perpendicular to the member to be braced.; for inclined or diagonal bracing, the brace strength (force or moment) and stiffness (force per unit displacement or moment per unit rotation) must be adjusted for the angle of inclination

   Relative brace controls the movement of the brace point with respect to adjacent braced point

   Nodal brace controls the movement at the braced point without direct interaction with adjacent braced points

   P_br shall be combined with the lateral forces from other resources such as wind or seismic loading

   When L_b is less than L_q, where L_q is the maximum unbraced length for the required column force with K=1, then L_b is permitted to be taken equal to L_q

   Beam lateral bracing shall be attached near the compression flange, except for a cantilevered member, where an end brace shall be attached near top (tension) flange. Lateral bracing shall be attached to both flanges at the brace point near the inflection point for beams subjected to double curvature bending along the length to be braced.